Study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self Instructional Module

Study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self Instructional Module A man too busy to take care of his health is like a mechanic too busy to take care of his tools. Seizure is a neurological disorder characterised by unprovoked electrical discharges that disrupt the nervous system and can cause abnormalities such as abnormal blood levels of calcium, magnesium, glucose which can trigger one or more seizure conditions that irritate the brain. (Christensen and Vestergaard, 2007) Most people with seizure lead outwardly normal lives. Approximately 80% can be aided by modern therapies, and some may take months or years between each seizure attack. However, this condition can affect daily life of people with seizure, their family and their friends. People with seizures who ignore treatment have, a shorter life expectancy and increased risk of cognitive impairment. People with seizure have an higher risk of poor self -esteem, depression and suicide tendency. These problems may by a reaction that may result in cruelty and avoidance by other people. (http\www.nih.gov) Based on the total projected population of India, the estimated number of people with seizure would be 5.5 million. Based on a single study on the incidence of seizure, the number of new cases of seizure in each year would be close to half a million (Epilepsy status 2009) .The average incidence rate was higher than many developed countries, but lower than the developing countries. (Shankar Saha, and Shyamal Das, 2008) Seizure becomes a medical emergency, when seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes or when a person has many seizures and does not wake up between them. Good healthy habits may help to control seizure such as good sleep habits, stress reduction, proper exercise, good nutrition, regular intake of medicine etc. (Rubin and Kornblau, 2009) NEED FOR THE STUDY Many people with seizure also live with ever present fear of getting another attack. The risk of seizure acts as a barrier for their independence; In USA people with seizure or other handicaps cannot be denied employment or access to many educational, recreational or other activities due to their seizure. However one survey in India showed that about 56% of people with seizure finish high school education and only 15% finish college education. These rates are found lower than those of the general population. These numbers indicate that some important barriers still exist for people with seizure. The risk of seizures becomes a barrier for peoples recreational choices; sports is a positive factor in life which is best for the person to participate. Women with seizure are often concerned about whether they can become pregnant and have a healthy child. This is usually a possible situation. Probably 90% women with seizure have the chance of bearing a normal healthy baby and the risk of birth defects is only associated with pregnancy and delivery. The researcher personally felt that seizure episodes are common and often recurrent if the patient does not maintain good health habits. The knowledge level regarding safety measures on management of seizure is essential for people. So the researcher got interested to prepare a Self Instructional Module regarding promotion of safety measures among patients with seizure. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) on knowledge regarding promotion of safety measures among patients with seizure and primary care givers in selected Hospitals at Salem. OBJECTIVES To develop and validate Self Instructional Module regarding promotion of safety measures for patients with seizure and primary care givers. To assess the knowledge score on Safety measures regarding seizure management before and after exposed to SIM among patients with seizure and primary care givers. To find out the association between pre-test level of knowledge with selected demographic variables (Age in years, Educational status) RESEARCH HYPOTHESES: (Level of significance p H1: The mean post-test knowledge score after exposed to SIM will be higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score among patients with seizure. H2: The mean post-test knowledge score after exposed to SIM will be higher than mean pre-test knowledge score among primary care givers of patients with seizure. H3: There will be significant association between the pre-test knowledge level on promotion of safety measures among seizure patients with their selected demographic variables. H3(a): There will be significant association between the pre-test knowledge level on promotion of safety measures among seizure patients with their age. H3(b): There will be significant association between the pre-test knowledge level on promotion of safety measures among seizure patients with their educational status. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS 1. Effectiveness: In this study Effectiveness refers to the significant difference in mean pre test and post test knowledge score regarding promotion of safety measures on management of seizure among the samples. a). Knowledge of patients with seizure : In this study , it refers to the level of information which is known by the patients with seizure regarding promotion of safety measures which includes drug regimen; marriage and pregnancy ; relaxation therapy and safety measures on management of seizure which will be assessed by using a structured questionnaire, with Multiple choice questions . The scores will be interpreted as below 50% Inadequate knowledge; 50% 75% moderate knowledge and above 75% adequate knowledge. b). Knowledge of primary care givers of patients with seizure: In this study; it refers to the level of information regarding promotion of safety measures which includes care of patient during and after seizure by the primary care giver which is assessed by structured questionnaire that contains multiple choice questions. The scores will be interpreted as below 50% Inadequate knowledge; 50% 75% moderate knowledge; above 75% adequate knowledge. 2. Primary Caregiver: In this study; it refers to a person who is being with the patient and giving care before, during and after a seizure attack. 3. Self Instructional Module: Section-1: For patients with seizure: In this study; it refers to a self explanatory guide regarding the promotion of safety measures on management of seizure. It gives information regarding meaning of seizure, its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, complications, and management of seizure. Section 2: For primary care givers of patients with seizure: In this study; it refers to set of guidelines regarding promotion on care of patients with seizure for the primary care givers. It gives information regarding the care of patient during after seizure. 4. Patients with Seizure: In this study, it refers to individuals who are diagnosed as patients with seizure for the past one year and who attend the out- patient department for regular treatment in selected Hospitals at Salem. 5. Safety Measures on Management of Seizure: In this study it refers to the information regarding safety measures on drug regimen; relaxation therapy; care during and after seizure which should be followed by the patient to avoid physical as well as mental harm. 6. Demographic Variables: a) Age in years: In this study the age group from 20 to 60 years was included. b) Gender: It refers to the sex of the patient with seizure and primary care giver (male and female). c) Educational status: In this study primary school to post graduate level were included. d) Family member in health profession: In this study; it refers to the individual in the family who is working as doctor, nurse, physiotherapist or other health personnel. ASSUMPTION The knowledge on seizure and care during seizure is essential for people to lead a healthy life and to promote psychosocial well being. The improved knowledge will help in preventing the further attack of seizure. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Formal permission will be obtained from the concern authority from the Neuro Hospital OPD where the study is conducted. Written informed consent will be obtained from the samples after explaining the usefulness of study. DELIMITATIONS Sample size is delimited to 30 patients on regular treatment and their primary care givers who attend OPD. Patients with seizure who are accompanied by primary care giver. Study is delimited to those who will be available for post test. SUMMARY This chapter dealt with the introduction, need for the study; statement of the problem; objectives; hypotheses; operational definitions; assumption; ethical consideration and delimitations.

Aspirin :: essays research papers

Aspirin Aspirin may not be healthy for the DIGESTIVE TRACK it can also sometimes cause serious bleeding in the upper GASTROINTESTINAL tract. A study director of medicine said the risk of bleeding is directly related to aspirin. She also stated that  ¼ of an aspirin is good for a day (about the same amount of a baby's aspirin). Another thing she stated was that if you are taking aspirin for arthritis it may cause severe bleeding. Late last moth in a journal called Lancet , Lancet compared the use of aspirin among 550 people admitted to the hospital with serious bleeding from the stomach or DUODENUM with the aspirin- taking practices of 1,202 non hospitalized people from the same communities. An aspirin-induced ULCER or gastric-an inflammation of the stomach lining is the cause of such bleeding that typically results in vomiting blood. In virtually everyone who takes aspirin the aspirin may cause MICRO BLEEDING. The more serious bleeding is rare however it is death threatening, Especially if the person has any other medical problems or has lost a lot of blood quickly. In a survey 19 per 100,000 people had the serious bleeding. It is precisely the power of the aspirin that makes it effective against heart attacks and strokes that are caused by clots. I think that you should not take aspirin for preventing any heart attacks or strokes or etc.†¦ for a reason and that reason is that it may cause another hazard upon you while you are trying to prevent one happening to you. Digestive track - The way food is digested. Gastrointestinal - Of relating to, affecting, or including both stomach and intestine. Duodenum - The first part of the small intestine extending from the pylorus to the jejunum. Ulcer - An open sore on the inner surface of the alimentary canal. Micro bleed - The

Concerns about the wars Essay

My Other poem that I have analysed is â€Å"Charge of the Light Brigade† written by Alfred Lord Tennyson about the Crimean war in 1855. In this poem Tennyson has a positive point of view which is the opposite of Owen. Tennyson shows a patriotic view with the words â€Å"Hero†, â€Å"Noble† and â€Å"Glory† to fight for and die for your country; ironically that is the meaning of â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†. Owen has written â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† in stanzas. The pace of the first stanza is really slow â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks†. This shows the tiredness of the soldiers, therefore that they are really weak and tired mainly because of the lack of sleep during war. This therefore leads to fatigue, injury and disease. They would have been â€Å"Bent double† because of all the heavy equipment they have to carry during war. It is shocking how he compares the soldiers to â€Å"old† because normally you would expect a soldier to be fighting fit. The words â€Å"Trudged†, â€Å"Limped on† also help emphasise how tired the soldiers would have been. This also shows the effect of the war on the soldiers. The second stanza the pace quickens rapidly with the use of short sentences. â€Å"Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! † This how fast the soldiers react even though they are tired and exhausted but it wouldn’t just be there body’s that are tired there mind’s are as well. The words â€Å"Fumbling† and Flound’ring† help to show the state of panic and urgency of the men are in. â€Å"The charge of the light brigade† is written in a ballad form. The poem is about six hundred men who are on horse back during the Crimean war. He has written the poem in that form to help show and repeat key points. The first few lines say â€Å"half a league, half a league, half a league onwards†. The use of this repetition is to show how far the men have come to fight for there country, All the way through the poem there is a dactylic rhythm to emphasis the horse’s hooves on the ground. Tennyson also says that no one argued the decision to send them to fight he says that â€Å"someone had blundered† but still did not challenge the decision this therefore shows that they have respect for there senior offices and believed that it was their honour and glory to die for there country. When the soldiers were attacked in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† they fled for their lives where as in â€Å"Charge of the light Brigade† they still rode ahead to fight. The use of repetition † Canon on the right of them, Canon to the left of them, Canon in front of them† shows that the men had no where to go and most of them new that they would not be coming back but still went ahead. Unlike â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† the men where organised and knew exactly what to do and when. This shows courage and bravery. In the poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† it focuses on the imagery of war and Owen uses similes to show the unpleasant imagery of war. â€Å"As under a green sea, I saw him drowning† This shows that the amount of gas is drowning the soldier as if he was in the sea. Owen gives us a graphic piece of imagery showing a soldier dying a slow and painful death. â€Å"White eyes writhing in his face†. This shows that he could only see the whites of his eyes which means he was either dead or in extreme pain. The word writhing shows how much pain the soldier is in because Owen could have used the word painful but instead he tries to make the reader understand the amount of pain the soldier is in. â€Å"Charge of the light brigade† focuses on the number of soldiers and also the number that died â€Å"Not the six hundred† This shows that there no longer â€Å"six hundred men† because many of them had died and there are only a few left. Tennyson also mentions The Six Hundred at the end of every stanza to make the reader remember the phrase. Tennyson also uses metaphors to show the horror of war. In both stanzas 1 and 2 he mentions â€Å"The valley of death†, and in stanza 3 he says both â€Å"Jaws of death† and â€Å"Mouth of hell†. By saying the â€Å"The valley of death† it suggest that the soldiers have no chance of surviving. This also makes the soldier look more noble and brave to the reader. Tennyson also states how many soldier died. â€Å"Then they rode back, but not, not the six hundred†. He repeats the word â€Å"not† to show how many of the soldiers died in the battle. Instead of focusing on the dead for to long he moves to how heroic the soldiers were with lines such as â€Å"When can the glory fade? † He uses the rhetorical question to say that they should always be remembered for their bravery. He has personified â€Å"death† and â€Å"hell† to help emphasis their ongoing battle with the devil. To help show how they do not want to give up even though they are fighting a losing battle. The Gas attack makes all the men feel guilty because they cannot save their companion from a slow and painful death. â€Å"As a green sea, I saw him drowning, in all my dreams, before my helpless eyes†. The word â€Å"helpless† help to show how the fellow soldiers couldn’t do anything to help. Owen changes to the past tense to show that his nightmares are just as real as when they actually happened. â€Å"We cursed through sludge†, makes his audience imagine how hard and tiring it is to walk yet alone fight in a war. Owen uses metaphors to help you imagine the horrific sights of war. â€Å"Under a green sea, I saw him drowning. † This makes the reader imagine the â€Å"Green gas† covering the soldier and also making his insides drown. There was no cure for the â€Å"green gas. † Then he describes the gas as, â€Å"obscene as cancer† he makes this comparison because there is also no cure for cancer this shows how bad it must have been because there is nothing worse than cancer. In my opinion Tennyson’s and Owens’s views are different, as Tennyson gives us a distanced account of the battle because he was not personally involved in the Crimean war. Tennyson uses collective terms like â€Å"They†, â€Å"Their† and â€Å"Six hundred† because he would not have known about specific cases like Owen does. However Tennyson does try to focus on the determination of the soldiers â€Å"while horse and hero fell† although their fellow soldiers kept falling they still had the determination to fight. In Tennyson’s eyes they are all â€Å"heroes† because they have died for their country. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† and â€Å"Charge of the light brigade† differ because Owen actually took part in the war he is writing about where as Tennyson did not fight in the Crimean war. Owen seems have a negative approach to war saying there is no cure for the damage that war creates, â€Å"obscene as cancer†, and also includes sarcasm aimed at Jessie Pope and her poem â€Å"Who’s for a game† which said it was sweet and right to die for your country. Owen mocks this by saying that this is a â€Å"Lie† because he has experienced war first hand and also thinks that lots of innocent people are dying for no apparent reason. The use a capital L in â€Å"lie† is to help emphasises what he thinks of Jessie popes poem. Overall Owen shows a very negative view on the war but on the other hand Tennyson shows a view towards war. Owens negative view is based on him actually being there where as Tennyson’s positive views are based on him not fighting during the war. Owen has specific cases of horrific injuries, death, and sickening sights. Tennyson seems to focus on the group of soldiers collectively and does not have the same first hand accounts that Owen has. The poet that I believe more would have been Owen because of the use of his first hand cases such as the â€Å"Gas attack† and â€Å"Whites of the eyes in his head†. Where as Tennyson on speaks as a collectiveness not as individuals. This piece of coursework has helped to focus on both the bad sides and the good sides of war. It’s not the physical injuries that can harm you it’s also the mental injuries of seeing other people shot in front of your eyes. But it also shows me how brave and noble soldiers are to fight for their country. This has definitely changed my perception of war.

Essay on Edvard Munch - 1542 Words

The art world has a limitless array of mediums and different artistic periods, challenging the opinion of what should be accepted by the masses. Expressionism is the art of the emotive, the art of tension provoked by consciousness of the forces which surround modern humankind. Challenging the academic traditions of the previous centuries, Edvard Munch impacted the art world as an instrumental leader in the development of modern German expressionism. His painting The Scream has made its mark in questioning the ideals of what is acceptable concerning the history of art. The paper will discuss Munch’s life history, uncovering the influences which led him to expressionism, as well as a detailed description and analysis of The Scream,†¦show more content†¦Before turning twenty he participated in his first exhibition called the Industries and Arts Exhibition. In 1892 he participated in another exhibition in Berlin. Munch created a series of paintings titled, The Frieze of Life, which caused enormous shock within the art world to the point that it had to be shut down. Images were thought to be terrifying and threatening. He had so many feelings that he wanted to unleash upon the canvas and no one understood his pain. Munch’s paintings played a big role in the rise of modern German expressionism, as he joined the Blue Rider and Dresden groups. The blue rider was a group of artists, established in Munich, Germany, that expressed themselves through spiritual truths in their art. Around the turn of the century many artists were trying to lay the foundation for modern art. In the 1880’s and 1890’s Art Nouveau, an international style of decoration and architecture urbanized. New developments also included, Post Impressionism, which â€Å"rejected the objective naturalism of impressionism and used form and color in more personally expressive ways.† At the time Romanticism, a growing artistic movement, was popular to artists like Runge, Goya, Blake and Friedrick, all who inspired Munch during the various stages of his artistic life. However, when compared to other artists of the time, Munch was new and ingenious. Able too courageously and dispassionately â€Å"reveal his innermost secrets of his own life,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Edvard Munch1385 Words   |  6 PagesEdvard Munch is regarded as the pioneer of the Expressionist movement in modern painting. At an early stage Munch was recognised in Germany and central Europe as one of the c reators of a new and different movement of art, that helped artists to express their feelings about all the social change that was happening around them. Munch was born in 1863, and before long he had come to know the intensity of emotional pain. His father was a doctor who often bought patients to the Munch home. His motherRead MoreThe Scream, By Edvard Munch Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesSCREAM! â€Å"The Scream† by Edvard Munch has been a very famous portrait known throughout the world ever since it was created in 1893. This portrait is of a man who is screaming as he is in a potentially disastrous situation. Although he faces disaster, beauty can still be found in the life that he is has lived or is currently living. On the other hand, Alice Walker also shares a story of her disaster in â€Å"Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self.† Walker got her eye shout out by a BB gun and it changedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Edvard Munch 1052 Words   |  5 PagesEdvard Munch is an artist that has been traumatized and haunted by death throughout his entire life. His works of art are both terrifying and mesmerizing. 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In 1886 he painted â€Å"The Sick Child†.Read MoreAnalysis Of Edvard Munch And The Scream1060 Words   |  5 Pages Edvard Munch The Scream Alex Torres Mr. Vigrass Class 604 Fine Arts Alex Torres Fine Art The Mott Hall School Class 604 Edvard Munch The Scream Edvard Munch (12 December 1863 - 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian painter and printmaker who many art based upon psychological concepts that were based on Symbolism of the 19th centuryRead MoreHow Did Edvard Munch Attempt to Visualize Intense Emotion in his Paintings?1049 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1: How did Edvard Munch attempt to visualize intense emotion in his paintings? Discuss in relation to particular paintings. Edvard Munch is a highly influential artist, pioneering many of the ideas that informed the German Expressionist movement. The crux of his work is in the reflection the death, grief and emotion of his own experiences. Drawing from his own tortured upbringing, with the death of his father, brother and sister, as well as his own mental and physical illnesses. ThereRead More Critical Analysis of Edvard Munchs The Scream Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Analysis of Edvard Munchs The Scream The Scream, sometimes known as The Cry was painted by Edvard Munch in 1893. Some say Munch played a role in the development of German Expressionism, though the Norwegian painter turned down two offers to join the group, and preferred not to be classified, or put into a category. This painting was part of Munchs The Frieze of Life, a series of paintings each portraying a phase of life - as defined by Munch: Birth of Love, BlossomingRead More Pictures Show Emotion Better than Words Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesWorth,† Erasmus is quoted as saying, â€Å"Painting is much more eloquent than speech, and often penetrates more deeply into one’s heart† (473). Two online paintings that are examples of this are Starry Night, by Vincent van Gogh, and The Scream by Edvard Munch. Both paintings are very well known and both evoke strong but different emotions. Paintings like these have been described with words over and over again, but they can only be fully experienced by seeing the paintings themselves. Words aloneRead More Edvard Munch: A Biography Essay examples709 Words   |  3 Pages Edvard Munch: A Biography Edvard Munch is regarded as a pioneer in the Expressionist movement in modern painting. At an early stage Munch was recognized in Germany and central Europe as one of the creators of a new movement in art. Munch and many artists of the time needed to express their feelings about all the change that was happening around. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Edvard Munch was born in Norway in 1863; he knew how a persons emotional pain feels. He was the son of an Army Medical CorpRead MoreCorrelations between Creativity and Mental Illness Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pageswith great creative art. As many instances of great artists who suffered of painful mental illness show (from the novelist Virginia Woolf, to the poets Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and Robert Lowell, to the great painters Vincent Van Gogh and Edward Munch), great art also requires patience, dedication, and constant self-control in order to organize creative material in a coherent fashion. Creativity is one of the most valued human traits. It has given human beings the ability to change